Political
repression is the act of a state entity controlling a citizenry by force for political reasons, particularly for the purpose of restricting or preventing the citizenry's ability to take part in the political life of a
society, thereby reducing their standing among their fellow citizens. It is often manifested through policies such as
human rights violations, surveillance abuse,
police brutality, imprisonment, involuntary settlement, stripping of citizen's rights, lustration and violent action or terror such as the murder, summary executions, torture, forced disappearance and other extrajudicial punishment of political activists, dissidents, or general population. Political
… Read more repression is often accompanied by violence, which might be legal or illegal according to domestic law. Violence can both eliminate political opposition directly by killing opposition members, or indirectly by instilling
fear.
Political
conflict strongly increases the likelihood of state
repression. Civil uprisings are a strong predictor of repressive activity as states so often engage in repressive behaviors in times of civil
conflict. When their authority or legitimacy is threatened, regimes respond by overtly or covertly suppressing dissidents to eliminate the behavioral threat.
Repression suppresses dissident mobilization by reducing the capacity of challengers to
organize, yet it is also feasible that challengers can leverage state repressive behavior to spur mobilization among sympathizers by framing
repression as a new grievance against the state.
A.C.A.B. (All Cops Are Bastards) is an
acronym used as a political slogan associated with
radical activists who are opposed to the police. It is typically written as a catchphrase in
graffiti, tattoos, or other imagery in public spaces. It is sometimes numerically rendered as "
1312," representing the ordering of the letters in the alphabet. During the 1980s, ACAB became a symbol of anti-Establishment, especially within the
punk and skinhead subcultures. It was popularized in particular by the 1982 song "A.C.A.B." by Oi! band The 4-Skins. In later years, ACAB turned into a popular slogan among European
football hooligans and
ultras, and among anarchist and anti-authoritarian movements
… Read more across the world. In the wake of the May 2020 murder of
George Floyd by police officer Derek Chauvin, the use of the term A.C.A.B. became more frequently used by those who oppose
police brutality. As protests in response to Floyd's death and discussions about racially motivated
police violence spread through the
United States, A.C.A.B. was more frequently referenced on social media
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